Lightweight Aggregate for Concrete Blocks

whippersnapper Aggregate for c everywhere Blocks3R Reduce, re aim, and recycle. Almost every hotshot has heard those terzetto words tho the environment that we anticipate atomic number 18 rideting more(prenominal) polluted each day. In Malaysia, in that location is as annual production of over 4 million tonnes of counteract cover Palm Shell (OPS). Exploit this waste signifi hobot not only maximises the use of crude anele cover, but as well as helps preserve born(p) re descents and master(prenominal)tain ecological balance.Certain workmanship factors arse be appreci sufficient effects on the peculiarity of pile work such as in pose adjustment of suction rate in give up, bond mingled with the units of avert and deviation from vertical plane or continuative. consequently, involution formula is iodin of the stop solutions for cover parrys to solve this kind of workmanship generalisation bother. ignition interlock clean-cut cover overindulge back r educe create defunct encumbrance effectively and reduces transportation greets and foundation fill requirements. Furthermore, ignition interlock light cover gormandize is indite time to creation for construction and all in allows many homeowners easy to do the work themselves. Interlocking jackanapes cover handicap countenance better joint among units of block because they ar self aligning and this is greatly adjoins the belt along of construction. This is kill deuce-ace birds is one stone for time, cost, and fictitious character. So the selection of sizing, plaster cast, body and rise look of Interlocking block is a great decision for prevent all those all common defect.AIMTo apply waste strong ve recoverable oil Palm Shell (OPS) and Styrofoam as jackanapes essence at Interlocking light burden cover blocks.OBJECTIVETo study compressive saturation and density of lightweight coverTo study anele Palm Shell (OPS) and Styrofoam as lightweight nitty-g ritty.To study the factors profess the potential of block.To produce the paradigm of Interlocking lightweight blocks.SCOPE OF STUDYThe scope of study for this dissertation is concerned more or less(prenominal) traffic pattern of net lightweight blocks by exploitation lightweight tangible. The material use is oil colour Palm Shell (OPS) and Styrofoam as lightweight join. This query leave alone cover on the performance (strength and density), design, and production a proto character of interlocking lightweight concrete blocks.BACKGROUNDInterlocking lightweight blocks is one of the construction environs used as barrier to control mass, energy, and particulate function both within and across the system.. The shape of the Interlocking blocks is tongues on the nip out-of-doors of the block and chases at the posterior surface of the block. The function of tongues and grooves is to hold up horizontal movement when laying the interlocking block at the track by of another without the use of mortar joints to provide better bond between units of block and make the wall sozzled abounding to carry accuses. Besides, interlocking block is a great invention for construction industry to compose time and easy labour established the wall either stacked or running bond configu symmetryn. For the cost issue, interlocking block is economical than naturalized block cod to no need to high-wages skilled masons and less mortar to use. hence the building be atomic number 18 lower than for standard masonry construction.Lightweight concrete can be defined as a type of the concrete which is ignitor than established concrete density in the regularise of 140 to 150ib/ft3 (2240to 2400 kg/mm3). Lightweight concrete can be categories into three types which is no-fine concrete, aerated/foamed concrete and lightweight aggregative concrete. The main specialties of lightweight concrete are its to lower density, basic strength (no load bearing wall) and caloric cond uction. Its usefulnesss of the lightweight concrete are reduced dead load of the building, speed up construction productivity and handling cost. This is research is based on the performance of the lightweight aggregate concrete. Therefore, the lightweight aggregate concerned to use is wastes and recycled material due to issue on environmental preservation and sustainability. Styrofoam and Oil Palm Shell (OPS) is the great selection in this researched. In Malaysia, there is an annual production of over 4 million tonnes of waste Oil Palm Shell (OPS). Oil Palm Shell (OPS) aggregate has a unit weight of 500-600 kg/m3and this is approximately 60% lighter compared to the schematic crushed stone aggregates Currently, there is also an increasing choose for cheap houses in Malaysia and therefore Oil Palm Shell (OPS) can be used as an alternative to the constituted aggregates in fulfil this demand (D.C.L.TEO, 2006). The behaviour of Oil Palm Shell (OPS) concrete in a marine environm ent was also previously studied.PROPOSED RESEARCH METHODOLOGYHOW TO pose tuitionThe randomness is categories to two categories which is primary data and secondary data. The data provides the very useful knowledge, experience and briefs our minds to give the aim and documental easy and success.Primary cites -ExperimentFor getting more information, the examines play the very richness and indispensable roles. Experiment can provide the accurate information and subservient for test to get the confirmation of the data. In order to get the correct data for experiment bring to successful, the standard of experiment method mustiness be follow during the experiments. British standard is one of the useful standards to provide wide range information and also for international levels. The experiment of the concrete testing pull up stakes prepare and doing at the Laboratory in Tunku Abdul Rahman College. tributary sources -Literature reviewLiterature review is a secondary data sour ce in the stage which is the information that has been gathered by researchers and recorded in books, articles, and other publications. Basically, this stage is concern to review all the getting information related to the lightweight concrete and interlocking sandwich block. For the relevant information, the source can get from conducted the reference book, newspaper, journal and website. Analysis and summarized the information afterward collect all the related data from research. Therefore, the data provide attract direction for achieve the objective and knowledgeable in this study.WHERE TO GET INFORMATIONBesides get the information from the website, article books, journals, and newspaper the experiment end point also is one of the rely sources. The experiment can provide the experiment results, hypothesis of the objective and conclude answer for the study during the laboratory experiments testing. Lastly, get the actual life experience from supervisor by conducted the interview and go though the site visit.WHAT TO GET INFORMATIONThe information can get is primary data when doing the experiment, and secondary data from website, article books, journals, and newspaper and etcetera All the data ordain use for summarized and analysis for the purpose of achieve the objective of study.LITERATURE REVIEWINTRODUCTION OF LITERLOCKING square blockSWHAT IS AN network CONCRETE closedown?According to the (Sukri 2009) defined that interlocking dig core concrete block that widely called interlocking block have tongues on the top surface of the block and grooves at the bottom surface of the block. The function of that tongue and groove is to restrain horizontal movement when laying the interlocking block on top of one another without the use of mortar joints to make the wall strong enough to carry loads from the upper floor or slab similar to the conventional load bearing walls. The design of interlocking concrete block is the tongues on the top surface of the block and grooves at the bottom surface of the block, is that they offer keys, which interlock with another blocks. Therefore, interlocking block provides better jointing and enough strength to support the load bearing walls. The interlocking design techniques are very effective to solve the workmanship problem to construe the adeptness of block works is under better quality. Besides, interlocking blocks are divers(prenominal) from the conventional blocks since they no need use mortar to jointing. Because of these characteristics, this is save time and no need hire high-skill workers when doing the block work.petroleum typewriter ribbon SHELL CONCRETE (OPSC)What is oil thenar tree caseful concrete? These call back the concrete development oil palm slip as lightweight aggregate. (Abdullah 1984) was the first one to use Oil Palm Shell (OPS) as lightweight aggregate (LWA) in Malaysia and proved that complete repla cementumum of ordinary weight aggregate (NWA) with Oil Palm Shell (OPS) is a possibility. Its severalize the oil palm shield as lightweight aggregate to flip convention weight aggregate is possible and success techniques to make the lightweight concrete by coalesce of the cement, sand, oil palm character, and wet. According to (U. Johnson Alengaram 2010) renowned for conducted further study on the using oil palm shell and found out that similar to normal weight concrete (NWC), body of water to cement (w/c) ratio affects the mechanical properties of palm kernel shell-aggregate concrete. The 28-day compressive strength of Oil Palm Shell (OPS) concrete varied between 5 and 25 MPa based on mix design. establish on the researched, the water cement ratio is one of the importances key point to mix the oil palm shell concrete because of the water ratio forget direct affect the strength of the concrete with mechanical properties. Commonly, the water to be use is 0.40 to 0.60 water/cement ratio but only 0.23 of the water is required for hydration and the special water is for full hydration and compaction of the concrete.STYROFOAM CONCRETEFor the Styrofoam concrete, (M. H. Ahmad 2008) say that From the point been mentioned above we have to look for a possible lightweight concrete which is less water adsorption and hence less cement content and therefore enhance its matrix characteristic. The potential lightweight aggregates to be used as concrete component is Styrofoam. Styrofoam has hydrophobic characteristics, non-absorbent, fair insulation properties and closed cellular aggregates may have the potential to be developed as effective commercial lightweight aggregates and Styrofoam concrete produced density in the range of 1297-1387 kg/m3. Commonly, the lightweight concrete requirements are including lightweight, strength, sound insulation, heat insulation, and water resistance. Based on that, Styrofoam is one of the better materials for lightweight concrete because of lightweight, and strength strong enough. Furthermor e, due to Styrofoam is a hydrophobic characteristic, the water cement ratio is the main factor need to take more consideration when doing the concrete. Lastly, the Styrofoam concrete is light weight about 45% savings in total dead load of a structural member compared to conventional concrete. Therefore, this is save the cost of foundation required more special or strong technique to support the load of the building.PROPERTIES OF THE conflict CONCRETE BLOCKREQUIREMENT OF THE INTERLOCKING CONCRETE BLOCKThe interlocking concrete blocks have to provide the hobby functions (John Straube 2006)SupportThe blocks as the external or internal walls need to enough strong to support the static load (dead load) or dynamic load (live load) of the load bearing or non-load bearing walls. These loads have to be properly supported, resisted, and transferred to the building foundation.ControlInterlocking blocks must be able to control mass, energy, and particulate flows both within and across the syst em. These include water, wind, air, smoke, odour, heat, light, noise, fire, blast, thief, birds, and insects. termination ( aesthetics)The give the axe function at the both of interior and exterior is the aesthetics of the finish surface, the visual, textural, and other aspect the designer wishes to convey with the visible element of the system.Distribution of serviceThis function is related to the distribution of service through a building, both within a single element, and also twofold elements. Services like pipes, cables may run through envelope element as to provide services to the area close by. instanceS OF CONCRETE BLOCKNowadays, concrete block have create varies designs and difference strength since they are varies types, so according (Michael Gage and Tom Krikbride 1980) notes that, with continues improvement in quality and design of concrete blocks and their wider range of applications, BS 20281953 and BS 13641947 have been repeatedly revised and amended. Now, the tw o standards have been incorporated in one rendering BS 2028, 13641968 Precast Concrete Blocks. This is publication gives new defined for the block and specifies new strength categories and test procedures. The distinction between type A, B and C concrete block, is based on the block density which is encrypt by weight of the block by the overall volume (include holes and cavities). call in table 1.CONCRETE BLOCK TYPE AFor the type A concrete block, generally is used in the building including use beneath ground level damp-proof course. The concrete block must be of big(a) concrete or one of the denser lightweight aggregates.CONCRETE BLOCK TYPE BFor the type B concrete block, generally is used in the building including use below ground level damp-proof course in internal walls, and the inner leaf of external cavity walls. The concrete block must be of dense concrete or one of the denser lightweight aggregates. Normally, should be solid hollow or cellular block do with dense ag gregate and average compressive strength not less than 7.0 N/mm2.CONCRETE BLOCK TYPE CFor the type c concrete block, generally is used in the building which is non load bearing walls such as the partitions and panels in framed construction. The purpose just for building insulation, finish (aesthetics) and service (privacy) but no for supporting the building load.FACTORS AFFECT THE force out OF BLOCKThe common defects arising from the production process which will affect the strength of the concrete block such as the defects of surface, defects of shape, defects of body, and defects of appearance. take flight OF SIZEFor the defects of the coat, generally defects are oversized and undersized of concrete block caused by kitten material preparation, and faulty mould. The wall will uneven due to the blocks size is not uniform to do the social organisation bond. This will affect structure load cannot transfer properly of the wall.DEFECT OF SHAPEDefect of shape, is the shape which is difference with the actual accurate shape to propose. Normally causes the misshapen of block are the poor preparation of the mould, faults of stacking, rough handling and uneven drying.DEFECT OF BODYCommon defect of the body is faults in the raw material body can make the defect happen such as cracking, bloating and laminations. This kind of defect will make the block breaking easily with the gap on the surface.DEFECT OF APPEARANCEThe defect of the appearance is the surfaces of the block have a bubble or the honey comb shape. dulcify comb is a void on the exterior of a concrete face. When the concrete is not vibrated properly during installation, honeycomb will form. This is a sincere flaw, since reducing the strength of block.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF INTERLOCKING LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCKADVANTAGES OF INTERLOCKING LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCKAccording to researched (Msesut Asik 2006) noted that, lightweight concrete lower dead load Saving in the structural can be achieved due to the reduced dead load, particularly for longer deny bridges. Lightweight concrete is light in weight than convention concrete weight therefore reduced the dead load of the concrete for the building for supporting and transfer the load.(Msesut Asik 2006) noted that, these savings can also be reflected in the cost of foundations (particularly where pilings are required), and in formwork and false-work requirements. The lighter weight also results in savings in the handling and transportation of materials, and pre-cast elements, etc. The lighter weight can permit the use of longer spans with a concomitant reduction in the number of supports required. Lightweight concrete usually will be using the recycle material as lightweight aggregate to replace the normal weight aggregate since which to save the cost of the material and environment. Besides, the concrete blocks are lightweight and precast, therefore they is results in savings in the handling and transportation of materials , and pre-cast elements.According to the interlocking lightweight concrete block advantages (Bankole-Ojo 2008) noted that, hollow interlocking lightweight concrete block, compared to hollow concrete blocks, is that they offer keys, which interlock in the other blocks. Thus these walls offer more resistance to shear and buildings would be even stronger. The interlocking block provides the shapes of tongues on the top surface of the block and grooves at the bottom surface of the block. The advantage of this technique is provides the better jointing with another block with accurate horizontal alignment when doing block work.Without the need for high-waged skilled masons (except for the base course), by saving cement (less mortar) and with the speed of construction, the building costs are lower than for standard masonry construction. The interlocking concrete blocks are no need skill worker to installation because the interlocking design technique provides general worker easy and thing umajig to install the block works with better alignment and jointing. Additional costs are saved by building load bearing walls, sort of of infill walls between structural frameworks.DISADVANTAGES OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCKAccording to researched (Msesut Asik 2006) noted that, the disadvantages is Reduce resistance to locally concentrated loads as they pass off at pre-stressing anchorages or bearings, hence increased confining reinforcement is required, lightweight concrete is more brittle because of high strength cement paste. The lightweight concrete need to provide more reinforcement to solve the concrete strength problem because the concrete weaker when load is concentrated. The lightweight concrete is using the high strength cement paste. Therefore this is brittle easily.The interlocking concrete blocks are no need skill worker to installation because the interlocking design technique provides general worker easy and convenience to install the block works. But still need t o provide certain cadence of training is required to ensure that the walls are properly aligned and no gaps are left. Because the technique is still considered new to worker compare to conventional block works. Besides, interlocking block is better in jointing and alignment but the joints are not entirely resistant to wind and rain penetration, therefore, plastering the interior wall surfaces is usually necessary.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYINTRODUCTIONThe research methodology that will conduct for my sick dissertation is laboratory experiment material testing and application. The project dissertation is carried out at the Tunku Abdul Rahman College laboratory.OIL PALM SHELL CONCRTEOil palm shell concrete is mixing of cement, sand, aggregates and water. But the aggregate to be use is oil palm shell to substitute normal weight aggregate. Based on (Abdullah 1984) was the first one to use Oil Palm Shell (OPS) as lightweight aggregate (LWA) in Malaysia and proved that complete replacement of normal weight aggregate (NWA) with Oil Palm Shell (OPS) is a possibility. The oil palm shell as lightweight concrete is possible and successfully to proven that can use for the building envelop. In Malaysia, there is an annual production of over 4 million tonnes of waste Oil Palm Shell (OPS). Therefore oil palm shell is very common material that can be easy get from everywhere, huge amount and cheaper. For this project dissertation, that will to do the comparison of strength and density between oil palm shell lightweight concrete (OPSLC) and normal weight concrete (NWC). operation TO CAST OIL PALM SHELL CONCRTEThe constituents of oil palm shell concrete to be use include Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), oil palm shell, sand and water. Usually the oil palm shell surface is still coating with some oil, therefore pre-treatment to remove the surface oil is necessary. The methods to be use include natural weathering, boiling in water, lavation with detergent. After removed the oil palm s hell surface oil, the selected aggregate size will be done by classify analysis. For the recommended from researched, the size of aggregate which passing through the 12.5mm sieve and retained on the 4.75mm sieve was used. For the experiment, oil palm shell concrete mixing ratio will be proposed such as 112, 113 and 114 (cement sand ops aggregate).STYROFOAM CONCRETEStyrofoam concrete is mixing of cement, sand, styrofoam s and water. The Styrofoam will be use to substitute normal weight aggregate. Based on, (M. H. Ahmad 2008) noted that, he said the styrofoam is hydrophobic characteristics, non-absorbent, good insulation properties and closed cellular aggregates may have the potential to be developed as good commercial lightweight aggregates. But the problem of mixing Styrofoam concrete is water/cement ratio because of styrofoam is hydrophobic characteristics, and non-absorbent. Therefore the water cement ratio to be use is less than conventional concrete mixing method. Due to these characteristic, Styrofoam is very difficult to mix with cement and sand. Therefore, from the researched find out the additional of the adhesive material can increase the plasticiser of the concrete and solve this kind of the problem.PROCEDUCE TO CAST STYROFOAM CONCRETEThe constituents of Styrofoam concrete to be use include Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Styrofoam, sand and water. The size of the Styrofoam to use is approximate 3mm to 5mm which is Styrofoam beads. Due to Styrofoam is a hydrophobic characteristic since they are no absorber of water, therefore the water/cement ratio is less than conventional concrete required. Besides, the compaction of the Styrofoam concrete for experiment cube is by using vibration machines or hand compaction. The compaction of the Styrofoam concrete cannot by using tamping rod because of the Styrofoam will damage the Styrofoam components. From the researched, the recommend water cement ratio to be for Styrofoam concrete is 400 to 500ml.DENSITYLigh tweight concrete is a concrete which is light by using the lightweight materials to replace the conventional materials. Therefore, the density of the lightweight concrete is depended on the material to be use. The different type of the lightweight materials will determine the different densities. Lastly, the density of the lightweight materials is importance to the concrete because the density of the concrete will affect the strength of the concrete. Referred to the Neville (1995), commonly the density lightweight aggregate material is range between 300 to 1850 kg/m3. The calculation the density is based on weight and size of the concrete. The method and formula to determine the density of the lightweight concrete will show in the appendix 1.COMPRESSION STRENGTHCompressive strength is one if the primary properties to ensure the strength of the concrete. They are many slipway to test the compressive strength of the concrete which include mordant and non destructive tests. From the project dissertation, the method to be use for the lightweight aggregate concrete is destructive test which is cube test. The reason of choosing this method is accuracy, easy and convenient due to the size of cube is small. Furthermore, it is used as the standard method of value compressive strength for the quality control purposes (Neville, 1994). The procedure of compressive strength test will show in the appendix 2.MAKING OF PROTOTYPE-INTERLOCKING BLOCKFor this stage, the oil palm shell concrete and Styrofoam concrete as the lightweight aggregate concrete to produce interlocking blocks. The type of concrete block design is hollow concrete block which is has one or more large cavities which pass through the block. The purpose of hollow concrete block is to reduce the weight of the concrete block and provide a hole at the nub for allow reinforcement steel bar pass through it.