Referring to both pharmaceutical Essay Example for Free

Referring to both pharmaceutic EssayReferring to both pharmaceutic and baccy companies, explain how transnational corporations can influence the health of muckle in countries at dissimilar stages of education (15) Both pharmaceutical and tobacco companies can be transnational corporations and some wield enormous multinational power and influence covering over one hundred countries with zillions of pounds worth of profit in 2009, GlaxoSmithKline had a net income of approximately.6 billion Some corporations have, for example, used their profits to serving fight widespread diseases in less economically true countries (LEDCs), such as GlaxoSmithKlines help in the fight against Lymphatic Filariasis in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Some have set up health programmes in more than economically developed countries (MEDCs) to reduce mutual health problems in these aras, such as different types of cancer.However, some corporations only put up pack with the means to deterior ate their health, such as some tobacco companies like British American Tobacco, especially in LEDCs, that both pharmaceutical tobacco companies play an important role in the health of the worlds multitude.A pharmaceutical attach to is a company, which develops, begins and markets drugs licenced for use as medications, so evidently these companies play a huge role in the health of people worldwide as they offer medication against diseases that would harm health. In LEDCs, medicines can be very expensive and in some countries in the world, in sub-Saharan Africa for example, peoples incomes may be so minuscule that they may non even be able to afford food let alone medicine.Pharmaceutical companies flip two types of drug mark and generic. Branded drugs atomic number 18 three to thirty times more expensive than generic drugs and so in LEDCs they argon out of the majoritys reach, merely they be patented and their chemical composition cannot be copied for twenty long time t his means that should another company wish to reproduce the specific drug so it can be made available at a cheaper price for the market in LEDCs, it is not possible move overable to the patent.Therefore this has negatively affected peoples health in LEDCs, as the majority of deaths from disease in LEDCs (excluding human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS) are curable with modern-day medication but it is how the medication is sold by pharmaceutical companies that prevents medication getting to these countries. Cheaper drugs to combat these common diseases cannot be produced as some pharmaceutical companies patented their branded drugs to extend their profits and do away with competition from rival pharmaceutical companies.Although pharmaceutical companies may be harming the health of populations in LEDCs by patenting their drugs for twenty years, some of their drugs are manu incidentured in factories that are located within LEDCs as they are often far cheaper than producing drugs in ME DCs as wage regulations are oft stricter and land is much more expensive. Pharmaceutical companies want to manufacture as much product as they can to exploit profit and so, for example, Bayer HealthCare, whose headquarters is in Germany, manufacture drugs in Morocco, Indonesia, Columbia, Guatemala and El Salvador all of which are LEDCs.The fact that wide quantities of drugs are produced in these countries means that the pharmaceutical companies will need a large, low-skilled workforce to do menial jobs in the factory. In comparison to salaries in MEDCs, the workers in LEDCs are paid far less, but it is much more than many people would have been able to earn before their jobs in the factories, as many of these LEDCs rely heavily on agriculture which is often a very low-paid form of employment.With this spicy salary, people may be able to afford healthcare and the more expensive branded drugs that they are helping to manufacture. Some workers healthcare may even be segmently pai d for by their employer, indeed helping improve the health of the population in LEDCs. Pharmaceutical companies, such as GlaxoSmithKline and Bayer HealthCare, are thought to have a social and moral responsibility to help in the fight against diseases if they ascend a cure for them during their drug research and development.Diseases such as Malaria, Yellow Fever, Tuberculosis and African quiescency Sickness are all curable with drugs produced by pharmaceutical companies. However, these companies are in a widely capitalist industry that wants to maximise profits wherever possible and providing free medical care for people in LEDCs is often not done, but GlaxoSmithKline and Bayer HealthCare have demoraliseed a revolution in this field by showing that by using only a small fraction of their vast profits they can help improve the health of millions of people worldwide.GlaxoSmithKline, for example, discovered albendazole in 1972 and was found to be effective against roundworms and t apeworms which caused Lymphatic Filariasis (LF), a disease that causes permanent disability and currently 120 million people are infected with the disease in Asia, Africa and South America. Since 2008, GlaxoSmithKline donated over 1. 4 billion albendazole interferences to 48 LEDCs. Their plan is to donate as much albendazole as required to fragility the 1 billion people in 83 countries at risk from LF.They withal joined the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GAELF) in 2000 as a founding member and work together with governments as well as non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to eliminate LF. This is just one example of the work that pharmaceutical companies have done in LEDCs to improve the health of the inhabitants by providing free medication at the cost of a small proportion of their multi-billion pound annual profit.Pharmaceutical companies have had a large presence in LEDCs in recent history and so have many tobacco companies, traced back to trade and colo nial links in the latter part of the millennium. Tobacco companies feel much less of an obligation to help eradicate disease than pharmaceutical companies do and for that reason few tobacco companies have invested, at the expense of their profit, in health schemes to aid the disease-stricken in LEDCs.They are much more interested in securing a long-term community of consumers demanding their product. British American Tobacco (BAT) in Africa is a prime example of this capitalist, profit-driven attitude in LEDCs. In Malawi, BAT advocated the bargain of single stooge sticks, which were very popular with children as they were so cheap a single cigarette costs one fifth of the price of a single biscuit, which at least has some nutritional value.BAT used a single-stick campaign to try and encourage as many young people as possible to start smoking as they knew that once they had tried a few they would eventually become addicted to their product, which is wondrous news for their profit, as their body tells them that they need a cigarette and so they buy more of their product and for this reason, 80 000 to 100 000 children start smoking worldwide every day. announce to children in this way ensured that BAT maintained a constant group of consumers to replace the smokers that either, more likely, died from smoking-related diseases or stopped smoking.Smoking causes many types of cancer, such as lung, throat, kidney and liver cancers, and emphysema is also a common problem and every eight seconds someone dies from tobacco use. Although, like pharmaceutical companies, they provide employment for topical anesthetic people, they are often only few tobacco plant farmers and are paid very picayune and do not receive the healthcare that pharmaceutical companies provide. So, in LEDCs tobacco companies are having a very bad effect as they cause many life-threatening diseases and their advertise campaigns show little support of wanting to help eradicate the problem.As well as having a presence in LEDCs, pharmaceutical and tobacco corporations have presence in MEDCs as well. Pharmaceutical corporations headquarters are often ground in MEDCs, such as the headquarters of Bayer HealthCare in Germany and GlaxoSmithKline in the UK. They often do most of their research and development in MEDCs, as they have easier access to highly-developed facilities and laboratories to conduct experiments. frequently like in LEDCs, pharmaceutical companies provide employment in MEDCs, but this is often much more skilled work in research and lab work and is highly paid unlike in LEDCs where are less strict wage restrictions.The majority of people in MEDCs have a high income in comparison with those in LEDCs and so can thitherfore afford the branded drugs that pharmaceutical companies produce and cleverly market. The sale of these branded drugs in MEDCs to consumers is where most profits of pharmaceutical companies are made. They are not inaccessible as they were in MEDCs and for that reason the health of the population in MEDCs is often much infract and the generic drugs provided to health services in MEDCs are often quite cheap and are intimately accessible reducing the train of disease in MEDCs.Even though branded drugs might make cheaper, generic copies of these drugs impossible, because of peoples higher disposable income, people can afford the branded drugs and are willing to pay extra money for the knowledge that is produced by a genuine pharmaceutical company and not a supermarket spin-off. Much like the social and moral responsibility pharmaceutical companies felt in LEDCs, they are also feel obligated to do something about the common diseases in MEDCs as well, despite the lower level of disease. A huge health problem in MEDCs are STIs and STDs among youths and costs healthcare services rafts of money to treat these diseases.In the UK in 2008 there were 123,018 new diagnoses of chlamydia in clinics a record number. additionally from 19 99 to 2008 there were 11 times the number of primary and secondary diagnoses of syphilis. The Bayer HealthCare pharmaceutical company started a family planning initiative in 1961 and now has had family-planning clinics in 130 countries for 50 years. They also created foundation Contraception Day, which is a day every year to accentuate the importance of contraception. On this day there are fund-raising events, radio talk shows, competitions and events in nightclubs and discos.Tobacco companies are also present in MEDCs as would be expected and have a large market. Currently around 20% of adults in the regular army are smokers and there are large markets in many countries. Many of the same health do as in LEDCs are found in smokers in MEDCs, such as cancer and emphysema, although treatment of these diseases may be better in MEDCs it still costs the health services many millions of pounds to treat these diseases, which could be classified as diseases of affluence as they are brough t upon yourself. In the UK smoking costs.13. 74 billion to the government overall Cigarettes contain many carcinogens and these will obviously adversely harm health of smokers, but although advertising of cigarettes is banned in many MEDCs the already implemented addiction to cigarettes does not need advertising to continue. Fewer people start smoking in MEDCs than LEDCs as advertising is banned and fewer children start smoking as they are well aware of the health effects smoking has as many MEDCs make it compulsory to learn about the effects it has to reduce the cost to the government.Much like with pharmaceutical companies, tobacco companies provide employment in MEDCs, but it is mostly administrative work in offices as production occurs mainly in LEDCs where there are favourable growing conditions for the tobacco plant. Due to MEDCs laws, tobacco companies must provide some level of healthcare and so in that instance they help better the health of their employees, but again they do little to help with international health problems as they are more concerned with their profit.In conclusion, both tobacco and pharmaceutical companies have great influence on the health of people in countries at different stages of development, whether they be an MEDC or an LEDC. Producing drugs and medicines and health aid provided by pharmaceutical companies are probably the largest positive influences either of these types of companies have on the health of populations. Pharmaceutical companies are generally positively influencing the health of people in countries at different stages of development, but in different ways either by providing aid or employment or through the capitalist record of the industry they are in.Whereas tobacco companies are trying to maintain a large consumer pool for their product, whilst adversely affecting peoples health due to the carcinogenic nature of tobacco and cigarette products and are therefore negatively influencing the health of people in almost exactly the same way in countries of all stages of development. As tobacco companies have less social and moral responsibility they are not motivated to help in the fight against widespread diseases, like the pharmaceutical companies are.