Criminal Law 1

2. In the join States, main(a) responsibility for enforcing the criminal law rests with states and localities. However, as OC has become theme and international, federal official criminal jurisdiction has expanded. As of 1997, 140 federal agencies were voluminous in enforcing 4100 federal criminal laws (Kronenwetter, 1997, p. 17). Some of them, such as the form Crime Division of the U.S. Postal Service, be involved only sporadically in OC investigations. The principal federal law enforcement agencies involved in the investigation and enforcement of OC and their specific functions ar:

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in Department of judge (DOJ). The FBI is the lead investigative agency into OC. Kronenwetter (1997) said "the FBI and the United States Attorneys yield won convictions against some of the biggest maffia bosses" (p. 55). These be handled by the Organized Crime and Racketeering section and elite Strike Forces.

United States Attorneys in DOJ direct criminal investigations against OC, decide which cases to employ and try them.

Drug Enforcement Administration under the Attorney superior general is lead agency in the War on Drugs. It whole caboodle closely with other agencies such as FBI, U.S. Customs Service, seacoast Guard and the Central Intelligence Agency.

U.S. Customs Service and the in-migration and Naturalization Service, now part of the Department of Homeland Security,

3. Principal Asian OC groups are the Yakuza in Japan, Chinese Triads and Tongs as well as avenue gangs and other Asian-based OC groups (AOCs), such as Burmese-Thai drug rings. Structure. The American Mafia is organized on a highly hierarchical tail: boss, underbosses, consigliere or advisers, capos or captains and street soldiers. Discipline is tight. Positions are depute either on the basis of functional specialization, kinship ties or skills required (Lunde, 2004, p. 8). The Japanese Yakuza is also highly structured, "a pyramidical hierarchy, patterned on the family, with absolute obedience and respect disposed(p) to a father figure" (p. 96). Chinese Triads are more(prenominal) fluid.

Discipline is also fearsome, but relationships or guanzi are important. political theory Mafioso emphasize code of honor, code of silence or omerta, truth to group before family and vendettas, obligation to avenge insults. Key determine of the Yakuza are obedience, moral duty to exact revenge, sense of compassion and identification with ordinary people. Cutting off top say of little finger is a common act of grinding or fealty. Important values "obsessive secrecy," loyalty, "highly ritualized debut ceremonies" at which 36 oaths are taken (U.S. Senate, 1999, p. 70). All leap membership. Activities Common activities gambling, prostitution, loan sharking. Mafia adept at discerning legitimate businesses such as construction, some unions, transportation, etc. Triads book East Asia based heroin trade and engage in extensive smuggling of goods and people. Yakuza runs major protection and extortion rackets.

are involved in international/ border activities relating to OC. Other important agencies are the U.S. Secret Service, which enforces federal money laundering laws and otherwise protects the currency, the national Revenue Service, which has been the lead agency in tax imposter investigations and prose
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