The American System of Juvenile Corrections

are not respected, and pull up stakes never achieve anything. Prejudice against certain racial and heathenish groups plays a role in creating young criminals and in training an "us-against-them" mentality (pp. 42-63).

Vigil also notes that there is constant detrition between law enforcement and the criminal justice system of rules on the one hand and people in the barrios on the other, and barrio spring chicken and gangs are perpetu all(prenominal)y brought into contact with patrol and sheriffs serving as street "social control" specialists. Vigil writes: "As a result, law enforcement personnel have tended to be especially wide-awake in their patrolling routines, and some barrio residents, especially youth, perceive this as unnecessarily intrusive" (p. 141). Vigil surveyed gang members and found that more than one-half his key informants had some type of experience with arrest, detention, and/or incarceration, and regular gang members were more likely to have repeated law contacts and periods of detention and incarceration.

Vigil also found that gang members viewed themselves as being harassed by the police, ranging in their perception from how the police approach them to the actual verbal and physical exchanges. An antipolice bias stems in part from a broader anti-authority and anti-Anglo attitude (p. 142). Experiences with the juvenile justice system often do not produce the changes in carriage that are desired and instead may reinforce the unsociable a

Bennett (1989) notes that one of the consequences of increasing teen crime and drug use has been a new fanaticism expressed in the juvenile justice system through and through programs emphasizing punishment. Rehabilitation had been a strong objective in juvenile justice even after it had become dismiss for big offenders, with the idea being that rehabilitation should be assertable for young offenders before they become too hardened.

Much of this object has withered a expressive style to be replaced more and more by mandated prison sentences and an emphasis on punishment. By 1983, 48 states and the regularise of Columbia had taken away much of the discretion of judge in setting sentences: "Mandated prison sentences have displaced a master of ceremonies of indeterminate sentences and unreliable parole board decisions" (p. 68). As former(a) as 1978, public dissatisfaction had caused all fifty states and the federal administration to enact statutes under which juveniles could be tried in adult courts, but even this has not worked as intended: "Of all the juvenile cases waived to criminal courts, the majority are traffic, fishing, boasting, drinking, and other small violations. Most juveniles tried in adult courts don't see the in spite of appearance of a jail cell. The very mandated sentences that are supposed to pick out life harder for criminals make it much more difficult to summon a youngster" (p. 68).

ttitudes and behavior of young people. One way this is seen is in the fact that "doing time" is seen as a badge of honor rather than a punishmen
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